Introduction to Ecological Forecasting

In this rapidly changing world, improving the capacity to forecast future dynamics of ecological systems and their services is essential for better stewardship of the earth system. This chapter introduces ecological forecasting, the next frontier of research in ecology. Using weather forecasting as an analog, this chapter discusses four elements for ecological forecasting. The four elements are: predictability of the land carbon cycle; observations to constrain forecasting; data assimilation to integrate data with models; and a workflow system to automate ecological forecasting. This chapter also describes applications of an ecological forecasting system to a warming and CO₂ experiment in northern Minnesota and a precipitation mean and variance experiment in New Mexico.