ABSTRACT
The American governmental father of cybersecurity, Richard A. Clarke, has a clear message in his best-selling book on the topic: America invented the Internet; it is the most wired country in the world, and hence, it is the most vulnerable—in spite of its sophistication. Civil liberty and privacy issues have been at the center of the government's attempts at cybersecurity since the very beginning and complicate efforts to achieve greater cooperation and centralization. In the Carter Administration, the Department of Commerce was made responsible for the protection of unclassified computer information. But a 1984 executive order by President Reagan shifted responsibility for computer security to the Department of Defense and the National Security Agency. By the time the Obama Administration issued its 60-day review in early 2010, privacy issues were not much closer to being resolved than they had been nearly 30 years before in the Reagan Administration.
