ABSTRACT
Effective and sustainable habitat restoration requires innovative reef designs that optimize biological processes, alternative reef building methods that do not use plastic or concrete and that use renewable energy from solar, tidal, wind, and wave power as energy sources. Special attention must be paid to maximize the flow of water and light through the reef, providing reef inhabitants the maximum amount of oxygen, food, and nutrients while flushing away wastes. Reefs should be designed so that their shape increases the growth of structure builders such as coral and oysters, while providing habitat for other reef organisms to hide and spawn, increasing biodiversity.
