ABSTRACT
Academic freedom is under threat in various parts of the world. Promoted by authoritarian governments, the rise of the concept of “illiberal democracy”—arguably an oxymoron—is consubstantial to a reduction of academic freedom—think of Hungary, Poland, and Turkey 1 —all this in a context where totalitarian states, such as Russia, China, or Iran, are becoming increasingly assertive in the promotion of an “alternative” model to the Western liberal one.
