ABSTRACT
The academic community is entitled to enjoy and exercise fundamental features of academic freedom, including institutional autonomy, self-governance, individual freedom of academics and students, and tenure for academics. The principal UN instrument on academic freedom—the ILO/UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel, 1997 (UNESCO Recommendation)—directly recognizes two types of academic freedom. First, the individual freedom of academics, which are broken down into five sets of freedoms:
freedom of teaching and discussion,
freedom in carrying out research and disseminating and publishing the results thereof,
freedom to express freely their opinion about the institution or system in which they work,
freedom from institutional censorship, and
freedom to participate in professional or representative academic bodies. 1
