ABSTRACT
Internationally applicable “civil, political, social and cultural rights” are understood to involve “freedom of thought, conscience, religion, expression, assembly and association.” 1 Freedom from censorship, discrimination, repression, and interference is intrinsic to democracy and the everyday practice of secular values such as equality and social justice. In the sphere of higher education, conceptions of academic freedom, informed by Humboldtian ideals, have evolved over time, vary between jurisdictions, and remain contested. 2 Tierney and Sabharwal have emphasized the importance of the freedom to teach, undertake, and disseminate research, study, learn, and discuss without fear or concern of retribution. 3
