A Theory of Floating Quantifiers and Its Corollaries for Constituent Structure

Koopman and Sportiche (1985; 1987) propose that the structure of S=IP is always as in (1), linear order aside, ¹

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where NP* is the canonical subject position (of VP), and Vⁿ some projection of V in the X-bar system such that Vⁿ is a small clause with VP as predicate and NP* as subject. ²