ABSTRACT
Businesses and non-government organisations (NGOs) can either collaborate or compete to produce rules for managing complex socio-ecological systems like forests. Drawing on the case of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), this chapter discusses six mechanisms that enable cooperation between NGOs and business, focusing on the contentious issue of Intact Forest Landscapes (IFLs) in the FSC system. We develop a theoretical cooperation framework for this context. Applying this framework to the FSC and IFLs, we identify the opportunities and challenges for NGO-business cooperation in this context, noting the effect of hegemonic factors.
