ABSTRACT
This essay examines two Vietnamese American novels, le thi diem thuy's The Gangster We Are All Looking For and Monique Truong's Bitter in the Mouth, through an ecocritical lens, proposing “refugee ecology” as an analytic for interpreting refugee narratives. It investigates depictions of region and space to grasp how literary setting shapes ideas about refugees and refugeehood, foregrounding the importance of displacement to understandings of the environment.
