ABSTRACT
In this chapter the author examines a broad range of ethical issues, challenges and dilemmas in HUMINT, and assesses how best to interpret them in connection with several important prima facie ethical principles (deontological, teleological and aretaic). Recognizing that the motivations of espionage agents can be complex and varied, the author frames his analysis in terms of agents’ freedom of action, distinguishing between those who are voluntary, those who are deceived by false-flag tactics, and those who are compelled by threats of blackmail etc. He also discusses concerns about the rights and welfare of agents’ societies, including cases where violent criminals are protected from prosecution in order to exploit their espionage capabilities.
