The Letter of 'Abdullah al-Hashimi to 'Abd al-Masih al-Kindi, Inviting him to Islam, and al-Kindi's Response, Inviting al-Hashimi to Christianity (ninth–eleventh centuries)

There is no consensus on the date that this work was written. While the introduction by the (unnamed) author situates the dialogue during the time of Caliph al-Ma‘mun (813–833), estimates based on internal evidence range between the ninth and early eleventh century (Troupeau 1986: 120–121). Although the oldest Arabic manuscripts available today date to the seventeenth century, a Latin translation by Peter of Toledo in 1114 has survived; it had a considerable influence on the perception of Islam in Europe during and after the Middle Ages (Koningsveld 2004: 69).