Scientific understanding of climate change and air pollution, and their interrelationships with the prospective hydrogen economy in Saudi Arabia

Graphical abstract: Comprehensive climate change mitigation and air quality improvements. The supportive role of hydrogen in achieving the climate, air quality, and health goals is highlighted. A large-scale hydrogen infrastructure may cause hydrogen emissions. Hence, a feedback loop to an emissions inventory is provided to underscore that possibility. GHG: Greenhouse gas; SLCF: Short-lived climate forcers; PM: Particulate matter; NDC: Nationally determined contribution; CCE: Circular carbon economy; SSP: Shared socioeconomic pathways.