ABSTRACT
This chapter presents the recent history of Norwegian standardisation within the archives and records management field. Norway was an early proponent of standards in digital archives, the better to promote data exchange and a unified approach to data and records management. Norwegian standards have preceded international standards, including the Noark series that preceded ISO 15489 by decades and the database preservation standard ADDML, which preceded SIARD by several years. This situation started to change particularly around 2010. International standards such as OAIS, METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, a standard for encoding metadata related to digital packages), and PREMIS (PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies, standard for preservation metadata) have been integrated into Norwegian practice through National Archives efforts to develop a “national flavouring” of international standards.
As a secondary theme the chapter explores whether standardisation, and to what degree different standards, have promoted an “archives-as-data” paradigm. The result of this inquiry is mixed. The Noark standards were framed around preserving registries, which are inherently document-oriented rather than data-oriented, while standards such as Archival Data Description Markup Language (ADDML) are data-oriented. A shift to international standards thus intersects with emerging trends, such as reuse of information and data in public administrations and for research to substitute documents with data.
