ABSTRACT
While the volume is organised around a distinction between legal-political and sociological perspectives on citizenship, this concluding chapter shows how these forms of relationships are connected. The analyses are organised in relation to different categories of people with common traits who live at the margins of the welfare state. The chapter shows how a concept of citizenship can create new insights into how we collectively coordinate and resolve social challenges through the democratic welfare state. The chapter is divided into three sections. In the first part, we discuss the role of citizenship in democratic welfare states and various mechanisms of social exclusion. In the second part, we analyse how various categories of people live at the margins of the welfare state. This is based on the findings derived from the empirical studies in the chapters of this book. In the third part, we suggest a typology for social exclusion based on how four ideal types of citizenship respond to social exclusion within democratic welfare states. Finally, we conclude by discussing how any form of social exclusion is a cause for concern and, in most cases, the very purpose of the welfare state to focus on solving.
