ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the debate on the interaction of expectations and data in economics from a methodological perspective, arguing that a combination of at least two factors has led to a better understanding of this process. On the one hand, there has been a (gradual) adaptation in macroeconomics of methods that were previously considered to belong mainly to other parts of economics or other social sciences, such as experiments and surveys. On the other hand, technological progress, such as improved data availability, has also led to other data-generating methods. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of mixed methods, such as survey experiments and computational content analysis
