ABSTRACT
Public health systems in Myanmar have evolved substantially over past decades, highlighting interconnections with political, economic, and social dynamics. Under military rule before 2011, official health systems were notoriously underfunded and mismanaged. With poor health outcomes and many people lacking access to services, para-state and non-governmental systems developed in different areas, showcasing relatively uncommon responses to health challenges. Under USDP and NLD governments, health became a focus of innovative ‘convergence’ and peacebuilding efforts. During the COVID-19 pandemic and since the 2021 coup, the military weaponised public health, and health workers spearheaded opposition movements, reaffirming the centrality of health at the heart of Myanmar politics. Throughout these periods, health has been the focus of debates over competing socio-political actors’ legitimacy and how to deliver international aid. Lessons from the past can guide the future development of Myanmar’s health systems, with health offering a template for a more equitable, inclusive, and peaceful society.
