ABSTRACT
The nonmaterial benefits of CES include categories that are related to personal and community identity, recreation, cultural diversity, heritage, support of knowledge systems, spiritual experiences, and well-being. In many ways, Psychological Ecosystem Services (Psych ES) are a type of CES, though the fields from which this research come differ somewhat with respect to epistemological foundations. Psych ES include the diverse ways in which nature contributes to the mental and emotional well-being of individuals and communities, and encompass the psychological benefits derived from interactions with natural environments. Some CES approaches and outcomes include nonmaterial benefits that are only indirectly related to Psych ES, while others are directly overlapping and use terms that are explicitly included within the scope of Psych ES. A distinction between them lies both in how the outcomes are typically measured and in what the measures and operationalizations of these outcomes are. We discuss these points in detail throughout this chapter.
