ABSTRACT
Hybrid and cyber threats represent significant challenges in an era of increasing interconnectivity and complexity. These threats blend disinformation, cyberattacks, and economic coercion, operating within the ambiguous “grey zone” between peace and conflict. Critical infrastructure (CI), the backbone of societal and economic functions, faces escalating risks due to its reliance on digital and interconnected systems. Hybrid threats leverage fifth-generation warfare tactics, such as AI-driven cyberattacks and social engineering, targeting societal cohesion and exploiting attribution challenges. This chapter explores the nature and evolution of hybrid threats, their impact on CI, and strategic countermeasures. Emphasizing resilience, the analysis outlines key actions: strengthening cybersecurity, fostering international collaboration, enhancing public awareness, and integrating civilian and governmental resources. By promoting a culture of security and resilience, supported by coordinated crisis responses and proactive defense mechanisms, societies can mitigate vulnerabilities, ensure the continuity of essential services, and effectively respond to the complexities of hybrid threats.
