ABSTRACT
The financial crisis of 2008 triggered a surge of protest movements and alternative economic initiatives aimed at challenging the prevailing neoliberal paradigm and fostering fairer and more sustainable economic systems. In Spain and Portugal―two of the countries hardest hit by the crisis―a growing number of these novel economic initiatives identify themselves under the label of “integral cooperatives”. In broad terms, the designation refers to territorial-based organizations built on the principles of deliberative democracy, proximity economy, and environmental responsibility. Beyond these common elements, however, the emerging (and still blurry concept) of “integral cooperative” comprises a highly heterogeneous array of practices embedded in structures that range from informal networks and grassroots initiatives to legally recognized first- and second-tier cooperatives. Their long-term goals and the nature of their engagement with established economic and political actors are equally diverse. While some aim to challenge established systems and power structures, others collaborate with market economy actors and State institutions to promote sustainable livelihoods and local community resilience. This chapter provides an overview of the scope and diversity of existing initiatives, laying out the foundations of a conceptual framework to explore potential tensions and synergies with traditional structures of the cooperative movement.
