ABSTRACT
This chapter examines current challenges and potential reforms for the future practice of United Nations peacekeeping operations, drawing on recent field experience to inform policy development. Drawing on case studies from Mali, DR Congo and other complex missions, the analysis identifies three critical challenges facing contemporary peacekeeping: the lack of a clear doctrine on stabilisation operations, the misplaced emphasis on protection of civilians (POC) at the expense of other mandated priorities, and insufficient attention to adaptive political strategies. The chapter argues that peacekeeping practice should adopt a more pragmatic approach focused on practical conflict management rather than unrealistic, normative goals. It proposes three key areas for reform: enhanced strategic management and mission planning, clear operational guidance on restoration and extension of state authority (RESA), and development of pragmatic, localised political strategies that engage more effectively with hybrid governance structures and contested statehood. The analysis suggests that future peacekeeping operations should be mandated and structured according to conflict management needs rather than predetermined models, with greater attention to host state buy-in, institutional capacities and political will. Rather than pursuing ambitious national-level transformations, the author advocates for a pragmatic approach that builds peace through incremental, context-specific successes. The analysis concludes that while peacekeeping faces significant challenges in an increasingly multipolar world, its future relevance depends on recovering its primary focus on conflict management while becoming nimbler and more adaptable in diverse, dynamic operational contexts.
