ABSTRACT
Landscapes are structurally grounded in geological formations. Internal and external geodynamic factors acting upon these formations give rise to diverse geomorphologies, which, in turn, contribute to landscape diversity and the genesis of soils that support plant and animal life. Geology, as the primary substrate of ecosystems, should be considered from a broad ecological perspective rather than as an isolated component of the landscape.
A “Landscape system” is made up of different interacting components that operate at different spatial scales and exhibit functional and temporal interdependencies. Geology and geomorphology are part of this system and, alongside other disciplines such as soil science, contribute to addressing contemporary societal challenges, including biodiversity conservation and geodiversity. Furthermore, these disciplines support the planning and management of landscapes from a sustainable development perspective.
Landscapes tend toward a state of dynamic geomorphological equilibrium, that is, the ecological stability of the Landscape system. This chapter presents regional-scale approaches to geological and geomorphological diversity, illustrating examples of dynamic landscapes in Portugal.
