ABSTRACT
The chapter explores the evolution and current state of paradiplomacy in Germany, analyzing how its federal structure has allowed subnational actors, particularly Länder (states), to engage in international relations actively. It begins by outlining the objectives of the study, which include examining Germany's decentralized diplomatic framework and investigating the key research question: how do Länder conduct paradiplomacy within the broader foreign policy of Germany? The chapter is structured to first provide an overview of the current state of paradiplomacy in Germany, highlighting the diverse range of activities the Länder conducts, including economic promotion, cultural exchange, and environmental cooperation. It also points to the growing importance of German cities in conducting international activities. The analysis traces the historical development of paradiplomacy in Germany, focusing on the period since the 2000s, and examines the factors driving its expansion, such as European integration and globalization. Key variables shaping this process include constitutional arrangements, regional economic interests, and political leadership. The chapter also addresses the primary challenges to paradiplomacy in Germany, such as coordination with the federal government and tensions arising from divergent international interests among substate entities. In conclusion, the paper evaluates the prospects of German paradiplomacy, considering how emerging global challenges may influence its scope and intensity. By identifying both the good practices and constraints, this chapter offers insights into the role of subnational actors in Germany's international engagement and their potential to influence global governance.
