ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the phases of modernity in its historical development as a specific civilization. It points out that we witness now the rise of a fourth phase. This develops out of the impasses of neoliberalism and social changes, especially regarding the 2008 financial crisis, the coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the climate change emergency, compounded by the second election of Donald Trump to the US presidency. The chapter discusses the return of the state in its several dimensions. After a brief assessment of the literature on modernity's phases, the chapter deals conceptually with the changes in capitalism, the political system and the state, individual and collective identities, ‘nature’, climate change and Artificial Intelligence. It goes on to discuss reason, progress and emancipation. These concepts are evaluated and critically reaffirmed. The conclusion pleads for a critical ecumenical perspective, in a situation in bereft of consistent alternatives.
