ABSTRACT
The Ainu have long been bound up with Japan's northern borders, from Tokugawa classifications of them as barbarians to Meiji assimilation policies and forced relocations on Sakhalin and the Kurils. Modern border shifts often erased Ainu voices, yet their experiences parallel those of minority communities elsewhere. Since the 1970s, Ainu activists have forged connections with Indigenous movements abroad, joining the UN Working Group on Indigenous populations and reframing their struggle transnationally. Recent recognition, legislation, and the creation of Upopoy show both progress and limits: borders remain fluid, shaping contemporary negotiations over rights, memory, and sovereignty.
