ABSTRACT
This chapter highlights the hybrid origins of modern manga and animation, shaped from the late nineteenth century by satirical journals such as Japan Punch, Maru Maru Chinbun, and Tokyo Puck. Early characters like Nonkina Tōsan and Shō-chan, influenced by Bringing Up Father and Pip, Squeak and Wilfred, marked Japan's embrace of character culture. Cinema and Disney further shaped aesthetics, while animators such as Masaoka Kenzo and Mitsuyo Seo fused Western methods with Japanese storytelling under wartime policy. Framed by Imamura Taihei's notion of animation as a ‘synthetic art’, Hernandez stresses manga and anime's transnational, not uniquely national, origins.
