ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted countries worldwide to implement measures, including restrictions on gatherings and travel. This study examines how governments’ responses to citizens exercising their rights varied based on the overall level of freedom in the countries. To compare contrasting cases, the Netherlands (a democratic state) and Vietnam (an authoritarian state) were selected. Analysing incidents from 2020–2021, both governments aimed to control the pandemic yet exhibited distinct approaches. These differences stem from varying norms of citizenship and their expression through formal political institutions. Findings suggest similarities in rationales but notable disparities in tipping points and control intensity.
