ABSTRACT
The lasting establishment of numerous Muslims in Western liberal democracies has sparked various debates among Muslim scholars (ʿulamāʾ). This new context has raised questions not only on how to navigate these new circumstances but also about the fundamental issue of whether Muslims possess the right to establish permanent residences in non-Muslim countries. This contribution explores the discourse surrounding Muslims living in non-Muslim regions through the lens of three distinct approaches within Sunni Islam: the puritan approach, the renewalist approach, and the traditional approach.
