ABSTRACT
City branding today goes beyond merely a slogan. Cities present themselves as a brand in order to attract people, investors and companies. It is crucial for a city to distinguish itself from other cities through its architecture, social policies, public facilities or fiscal arrangements. Intercity competition is, however, something that goes back further in time: the earliest cities tried to create an attractive environment for migrants and merchants to settle in, which in turn contributed to the development of durable urban networks.
