ABSTRACT
This chapter examines ecological transitions and environmental change in the north-eastern hill region of India through an integrated analysis of climate, land, water, and forest dynamics. Using secondary datasets on temperature and rainfall (1950–2020), forest cover (1993–2023), groundwater recharge and extraction, soil degradation, and flood impacts, it identifies a multi-scalar stress regime shaped by monsoon-dominated hydrology, steep terrain, and rapid land-use change. The findings reveal a consistent regional warming signal, rising monsoon precipitation with localised extremes, and sharp, state-specific forest cover trajectories, with relative stability in some states contrasted by marked declines in others, collectively driving erosion, fragmentation, and downstream flood risks. Despite very high rainfall, groundwater storage remains limited by relief, thin soils, and fast runoff, creating a “scarcity amid plenty” paradox and concentrating withdrawals in the alluvial plains. Soil degradation is widespread, but its dominant processes vary by state, implying different technical responses. The chapter argues for integrated, place-based strategies that pair ecosystem restoration with livelihood security, spring-shed and watershed treatments in the hills, floodplain zoning and managed aquifer recharge in the plains, underpinned by community institutions, routine monitoring, and policy coherence across forestry, water, and land governance.
