ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses key conceptual issues of co-production in public safety and public order. It provides quantitative data on the extent of co-production in public safety, with a comparison across European countries. This is followed by qualitative research, based on international case studies, to explore which co-production approaches are currently in place to improve public safety and public order. The chapter provides a critical assessment of the benefits, risks, barriers and limits to co-production in public safety and public order. It explores the role of co-production in the policy field of public safety from an international comparative perspective. The chapter also explores which co-production approaches are in place to improve public safety and law and order, including co-commissioning, co-design, co-delivery and co-assessment, and illustrates these approaches with revealing examples. This concept of co-production acknowledges that citizens may not only be involved in the implementation, but also in the design and initiation of a service.
