This chapter analyses economic security in the Barents Region. It assesses different aspects of economic security that challenge the contemporary wellbeing of the Arctic population, focusing especially on the Barents Region. The chapter focuses on some of the main economic security challenges faced by the population in the Barents Region. Economic security is composed of basic social security, and defined by access to basic needs infrastructure pertaining to health, education, dwelling, information, social protection, and work-related security. Economic security is also influenced by economic and geopolitical events. A lack of access to quality higher education can also manifest in economic poverty and unemployment, resulting in insufficient economic resources. As a consequence, and in order to increase economic security, an up to date assessment of the labour market situation and needs of the Barents population is necessary. The implications of these demographic changes are even more severe for the Barents Region.