ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence has been central to the development of GIS since the earliest days of GIS research.1 In a nutshell, artificial intelligence (AI) concerns the design and development of machines imbued with behaviors and abilities that might otherwise be regarded as requiring human intelligence In this chapter, we begin by introducing the most successful and widely used KR2 technique today: ontology engineering (Section 9.1). Whereas the emphasis in ontology engineering is more strongly on the representation of knowledge than reasoning about that knowledge, the emphasis is reversed in qualitative spatial reasoning (Section 9.2). Turning to ML in the second half of this chapter, Section 9.3 shows how many of the most familiar and frequently used spatial analysis tools and techniques are in fact founded on machine learning. Finally, Section 9.4 introduces one of the most important machine learning techniques in the recent decade: artificial neural networks and deep learning.
