ABSTRACT
Thermodynamics is a branch of physical science concerned with the relationships between different forms of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, heat) and the properties of matter. It finds applications across various fields such as mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and physical chemistry. Unlike continuum mechanics, which is grounded in Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics adopts an energy-based perspective. It encompasses two main directions: equilibrium thermodynamics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, distinguished primarily by the time courses of physical processes, with the former neglecting while the latter emphasizing.
