ABSTRACT
Swelling in geomaterials, particularly in soils and rocks, is a significant challenge in geotechnical engineering. This phenomenon occurs when water molecules interact with soil or rock particles, causing them to expand. Swelling is often induced by molecular forces and is especially prevalent in materials such as clays or clay-rich shales, including montmorillonite. The swelling of soils and rocks can have serious implications for infrastructure, affecting the stability and performance of structures such as tunnels, foundations, and highways. For example, in rail and highway tunnels, swelling can lead to changes in volume and pressure, creating substantial risks for the stability of these structures.
