ABSTRACT
Thermo transport caused by a temperature gradient (e.g., A to B in Figure 6.1 of the representative elementary volume (REV)) has an influence on all components (e.g., water and solid) within the geomaterial and is significant in geoengineering applications. For example, during the drilling process in the petroleum industry, the high-temperature gradient generated between the drilling mud and the wellbore will place a thermal field on the formation of the wellbore. This consequently affects the deformation of the geomaterials (e.g., wellbore instability) (Steiger and Leung, 1988) and water flow. The water flow caused by thermal effects is known as osmotic flow and can flow directly from warmer to cooler or from cooler to warmer zones (Dirksen, 1969), influenced by electrical phenomena or chemical solution (Barragán and Kjelstrup, 2017).
