ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the critical role of energy sources and conversion technologies in shaping sustainable energy systems. It emphasizes the necessity of transitioning to a fully renewable energy sources (RESs) mix to ensure sustainability and reduce environmental impact. Recognizing the diverse starting points and constraints of national energy systems, the chapter analyses the current penetration of renewable and non-renewable technologies in global energy markets.
The discussion encompasses key energy sources, including nuclear, hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass, along with the technologies enabling their conversion into usable energy carriers. For each source, the chapter evaluates historical trends, current usage, and potential for future expansion. It highlights innovations like advanced photovoltaic (PV) panels, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, wind turbines optimized for offshore applications, and geothermal plants in high-enthalpy regions.
Challenges such as resource intermittency, land use competition, and geopolitical factors are addressed, alongside the technological and economic pathways needed for further deployment. The chapter also examines the evolving role of biofuels and synthetic carriers in transitioning hard-to-abate sectors.
By analysing these technologies, the chapter provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how energy systems can integrate RESs to achieve global decarbonization and support sustainable development goals.
