ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the state-of-the-art of technologies aimed at improving sustainability in final energy use sectors, focusing on transportation and residential applications. It evaluates the current market penetration of these innovations and discusses future pathways for their adoption and integration into sustainable energy systems.
In the transportation sector, the chapter explores solutions such as electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs), and hybrid vehicles. It highlights the critical role of these technologies in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants, addressing the challenges of scaling infrastructure, cost barriers, and raw material availability. Additionally, the chapter discusses innovative strategies for decarbonizing hard-to-abate transport applications, including the use of biofuels and synthetic carriers, and the potential of smart transportation systems like Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS).
For residential energy use, the chapter focuses on the transition from chemical fuels to electricity-driven systems powered by renewable energy. It describes advancements in energy-efficient building designs, the integration of rooftop photovoltaics, battery storage systems, and heat pumps. It also introduces the concept of smart cities, where digital technologies and intelligent grid systems enhance urban sustainability by managing energy consumption, transportation, and other services efficiently.
By analysing these technologies and their implementation trajectories, the chapter underscores their pivotal role in achieving sustainable energy goals and fostering a decarbonized future.
