ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the diverse applications of hydro energy, a long-established and environmentally sustainable energy source. It begins by analysing conventional hydropower technologies that harness the gravitational and kinetic energy of flowing water in river basins. Key topics include the principles of hydropower generation, the design and operation of impoundment (dam-based) and diversion (run-of-river) hydropower plants, and the role of pumped storage systems as large-scale energy-storage solutions to balance grid variability.
The chapter extends its focus to emerging hydro energy technologies, including wave energy converters (WECs) and tidal power plants. It evaluates the potential of ocean-based energy sources, such as sea waves and tidal currents, highlighting their energy density and untapped potential for future energy systems. Technological innovations, such as oscillating water columns, point absorbers, and bulb-type turbines, are discussed alongside the environmental and economic challenges they pose.
By addressing both conventional and emerging technologies, this chapter underscores the pivotal role of hydro energy in achieving a sustainable and resilient energy future. It also highlights the technical, environmental, and regulatory considerations essential for optimizing hydro energy’s contribution to global energy systems.
