ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), focusing on their diverse configurations, control and optimization strategies, and key technologies such as regenerative braking. HEVs, which combine internal combustion engines (ICEs) with electric motors and energy-storage systems (ESSs), offer a transitional pathway towards sustainable mobility by improving fuel efficiency, reducing emissions, and optimizing vehicle performance.
The chapter categorizes HEVs based on their degree of hybridization – ranging from micro-hybrids to plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) – and drivetrain architectures, including series, parallel, and combined systems. These configurations are tailored to meet various driving needs, from urban commutes to long-distance travel.
A detailed discussion of control strategies highlights the role of energy management systems (EMSs) in coordinating the interaction between ICEs, electric motors, and batteries. Strategies range from simple rule-based methods, such as load-levelling and mode-based controls, to advanced optimization-based and machine learning-driven approaches like Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Reinforcement Learning (RL). These technologies enhance energy efficiency, minimize emissions, and ensure seamless integration of hybrid powertrains.
The chapter also emphasizes the benefits of regenerative braking, which recaptures kinetic energy during deceleration, and start–stop technology, which reduces idle fuel consumption. Together, these innovations position HEVs as a versatile and efficient alternative to conventional vehicles, bridging the gap between traditional ICEs and fully electric vehicles (BEVs).
