ABSTRACT
Systems are made up of objects. For convenience, levels of detail are often related by the single descriptive word object. Development efforts generate words such as components and subcomponents, assemblies and subassemblies, and modules and submodules to coincide with a particular phase of work, some measure of a task, or in a gross sense, a category of like-kind entities. A pertinent issue for human-built systems is the impact of not including stakeholders whose lifecycle processes, physical entities functions, and behaviors interact in a causal manner with that of the system under evaluation. Interactions between the ground and the building structure, the structure and the beam, the beam and the brass ring, the brass ring and the string, and the string and the brass ring reveal emergence, that is, the trait of tension on the string. Emergence is necessary for integration, but by itself is insufficient.
