ABSTRACT
The final chapter offers a global outlook on social movements fighting against the fossil-fuel industry. First, I compare German fossil-free movements to South African movements; these movements are calling for the immediate exit from coal using a range of tactics, which I compare to the case studies on South Africa. Germany is the biggest fossil fuel producer in the European Union (EU). After discussing similarities and differences between these two cases, I discuss three frames that are in frequent use in the activist scene and analyse their potential for global mobilisation against fossil fuels. Finally, I conclude by discussing the relationship between social movements, neo-extractivism, and the state more generally, and flesh out the conclusions from the book. I stress that, with governments failing to adhere to their own commitments from the Paris agreement, the task for social movements to engage in public debate and influence policy could not be more urgent. Environmental justice is the most useful frame when it comes to mobilising both activists in the global South and global North, as it draws attention to injustices experienced in mine-hosting communities and justice issues beyond borders. Finally, I suggest that a movement strategy using both institutional and extra-institutional channels is the most promising, and taking political power should be a goal for anti-extractivist social movements.
