ABSTRACT
This concluding chapter first of all synthesises the main findings of the case studies taken together. It specifically highlights that decarbonisation generally constitutes a key political and economic challenge for fossil fuel exporters that regularly intersects with other, specific fragility and security risks. This challenge is further aggravated by regularly comparatively underdeveloped climate policy frameworks and unfavourable climate politics. The development of relations with the EU can build on pre-existing arrangements of various strengths and forms, which generally provide ample potential and room beyond fossil fuels. The chapter then explores the broader contributions of the study to advancing the relevant existing literatures on EU climate policy, EU foreign policy and external relations, environment/climate and security, and the geopolitics of energy (introduced in Chapter 1). It concludes with the identification of seven avenues for future research on external relations under decarbonisation.
