ABSTRACT
The chapter examines tsunamis and landslides, explaining their causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. Tsunamis are long, shallow water waves driven by gravity and triggered by various factors, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and submarine landslides. It looks into significant historical tsunamis, including the 1883 Krakatau eruption and the 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, emphasizing the importance of early warning systems and international cooperation for risk reduction. Landslides, driven by gravitational forces, are classified based on movement mechanisms, materials involved, and triggering factors. The text discusses natural and human-induced triggers, highlighting the significance of slope stability analysis in land use planning and infrastructure development. Landslide impact on society, particularly in mountainous regions, underscores the importance of monitoring, mitigation measures, and early warning systems. Furthermore, the chapter explores the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches essential for effective risk management, highlighting community engagement, Indigenous knowledge integration, and sustainable land use planning as integral components of mitigating the risks associated with tsunamis and landslides.
