ABSTRACT
An initial answer to the question about what needs to be regulated lies in the contours and scale of shadow education. The diversity of types of tutoring was shown in Chapter 1 alongside a discussion about definitions and parameters. This chapter presents some estimates of scale. It then turns to the principal justification for regulation, namely social protection in the context of inequalities, backwash on regular schooling and other issues. From these themes the chapter turns to specifics on regulation, addressing separate regulations of companies that provide tutoring, and of teachers and schools. The final section discusses some issues in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).
