ABSTRACT
Japan has a long history of regulating shadow education, particularly in its tutorial institutions called juku. However, these regulations have been by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry rather than by the authorities in Education, and tutoring has been regulated as a service industry with minimal state intervention. This chapter begins with an overview of the origins and expansion of shadow education. It includes note of school policies that unintentionally drove the demand for tutoring. The commentary records changing official attitudes and regulatory approaches, and then bottom-up self-regulation. The chapter also highlights emerging trends in public-private partnerships.
