ABSTRACT
This chapter covers conflict effects. Unintended conflict effects occur when the external intervention strengthens rebel groups or increases tensions between individuals, (ethnic) communities, or recipients and non-recipients. This chapter covers two kinds of conflict effects: direct conflict effects and indirect conflict effects. Direct conflict effects occur when rebel groups siphon off the services or products provided by the external intervention (often by violent means) and aid strengthens these groups. The refugee warrior effect is a subtype of the direct conflict effect. In this case, refugees and internally displaced people become soldiers because of the aid. Indirect conflict effects occur when the services or products provided by the external intervention are associated with increased conflict between communities, ethnic or other groups, and/or between recipients and non-recipients: fighting because of aid or made possible by aid. Indirect conflict effects also comprise staff welfare effects related to conflict.
