ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a general taxonomy of universities based on chronology to integrate concepts of management. It will make it possible to distinguish universities of four waves (generations, formations, models), in which the organization, and thus the way of management, differ significantly. The first historical wave of universities are those created in from medieval Europe until Enlightenment. The second wave, associated with the Humboldt-type university, is the 19th and 20th centuries. It is a model of the classical, traditional public university. The second-wave university is firmly rooted in mentality, ethos, and academic culture. It has its distinctive features, related, for example, to collegiality and high autonomy. In the second half of 20th century, another form of the post-Humboldt university developed, called by Burton Clark the “entrepreneurial university.” This university formation results from changes in the environment and within the organization, into which management science's theoretical and practical discourse has been integrated. Nowadays new model of university begin to be dominant. Digital universities, with their connection of information and communication technologies and management practices, are a model representation of fourth-wave universities.
