ABSTRACT
The aim of the chapter is to present examples of threats of force; each example is followed by actual cases of the employment of a threat of force. Firstly, the chapter presents examples of threats of force in the form of States’ actions (military manoeuvres, concentration of force, mobilization, possession of nuclear weapons, and violation of airspace and territorial waters), as well as in the form of oral and written statements. Subsequently, threats of force that can take either of these forms are described, which encompasses ultimatums, acts of domestic legislation of States and war propaganda. Finally, the chapter discusses cases when States describe a threat of force not as a singular event but as a series of occurrences that the targeted State deems as a threat of force only when taken as a whole. As mentioned in Chapter 1, threats of force are to a great extent based on a subjective element, so their identification depends on many factors. Thus, Chapter 2 concludes with the finding that virtually any State’s behaviour may be deemed as a threat of force.
