Spain

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 provides the legal framework for Spain. The Spanish judicial system primarily follows an inquisitorial model, and ordinary jurisdiction is categorised into four areas of law: civil, criminal (penal), administrative, and labour courts. The legal system includes various courts, such as civil courts, commercial courts, and family law courts for civil cases; and examining courts, criminal courts, gender-based violence courts, prison supervision courts, and juvenile courts for criminal cases. The Spanish judicial system follows a hierarchical structure with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by the National High Court, High Courts of Justice, provincial courts, and various lower courts.