ABSTRACT
This concluding chapter summarizes some of the main themes discussed in the book, identifying specific trends and shared concerns. In addition, it considers some of the ways in which counterspeech may develop in the near future. For instance, as digital communications continue to become increasingly multimodal, it is inevitable that hate speech will be characterized by even greater multimodality than it is at present. Consequently, there are good reasons for determining whether multimodal counterspeech is likely to be more effective in certain contexts than the monomodal (usually text-based) responses to hateful or toxic messages that are currently the norm.
